Abstract Paragangliomas of head and neck are usually slow-growing tumors that are benign in most cases. Metastasis may also occur. Paragangliomas in head and neck usually do not produce catecholamines and related substances. They almost all have succinate dehydrogenase gene germline mutations and overexpression of somatostatin receptor. Conventional anatomical imaging has low sensitivity and specificity for detecting head and neck paragangliomas. Molecular imaging is gradually used in clinical diagnosis, which can significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of head and neck paragangliomas. Molecular imaging is useful for detection and characterization of head and neck paragangliomas and to demonstrate synchronous paragangliomas at other sites and distant metastases, which is critical because it can significantly affect treatment plan of patients.
[1]Sykes JM, Ossoff RH. Paragangliomas of the head and neck[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 1986, 19(4): 755-767.
[2]Pellitteri PK, Rinaldo A, Myssiorek D, et al. Paragangliomas of the head and neck[J]. Oral Oncol, 2004, 40(6): 563-575.
[3]Papaspyrou K, Mewes T, Rossmann H, et al. Head and neck paragangliomas: Report of 175 patients(1989-2010)[J]. Head Neck, 2012, 34(5): 632-637.
[4]Boedeker CC, Hensen EF, Neumann HP, et al. Genetics of hereditary head and neck paragangliomas[J]. Head Neck, 2014, 36(6): 907-916.
[5]Harrison L, Corbridge R. Active surveillance management of head and neck paragangliomas: case series and review of the literature[J]. J Laryngol Otol, 2017, 131(7): 580-584.
[6]Lee JH, Barich F, Karnell LH, et al. National Cancer Data Base report on malignant paragangliomas of the head and neck[J]. Cancer, 2002, 94(3): 730-737.
[7]Boedeker CC. Paragangliomas and paraganglioma syndromes[J]. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2011, 10: 3.
[8]Patetsios P, Gable DR, Garrett WV, et al. Management of carotid body paragangliomas and review of a 30-year experience[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2002, 16(3): 331-338.
[9]Hinerman RW, Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, et al. Definitive radiotherapy in the management of chemodectomas arising in the temporal bone, carotid body and glomus vagale[J]. Head Neck, 2001, 23(5): 363-371.
[10]Moore MG, Netterville JL, Mendenhall WM, et al. Head and Neck Paragangliomas: An Update on Evaluation and Management[J]. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016, 154(4): 597-605.
[11]Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Favier J, Rustin P, et al. Functional consequences of a SDHB gene mutation in an apparently sporadic pheochromocytoma[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87(10): 4771-4774.
[12]Jafri M, Whitworth J, Rattenberry E, et al. Evaluation of SDHB, SDHD and VHL gene susceptibility testing in the assessment of individuals with non-syndromic phaeochromocytoma, paraganglioma and head and neck paraganglioma[J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf), 2013, 78(6): 898-906.
[13]Williams MD, Tischler AS. Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Paragangliomas[J]. Head Neck Pathol, 2017, 11(1): 88-95.
[14]Chen H, Zhu W, Li X, et al. Genetic and epigenetic patterns in patients with the head-and-neck paragangliomas associate with differential clinical characteristics[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2017, 143(6): 953-960.
[15]Mediouni A, Ammari S, Wassef M, et al. Malignant head/neck paragangliomas. Comparative Study[J]. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 2014, 131(3): 159-166.
[16]Milardovic R, Corssmit EP, Stokkel M. Value of 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy in Paraganglioma[J]. Neuroendocrinology, 2010, 91(1): 94-100.
[17]Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Caumont-Prim A, Houzard C, et al. Imaging work-up for screening of paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma in SDHx mutation carriers: a multicenter prospective study from the PGL.EVA Investigators[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013, 98(1): 162-173.
[18]Fonte JS, Robles JF, Chen CC, et al. False-Negative 123I-MIBG SPECT is most commonly found in SDHB-related pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma with high frequency to develop metastatic disease[J]. Endocrine Related Cancer, 2012, 19(1): 83-93.
[19]Koopmans KP, Jager PL, Kema IP, et al. 111Inoctreotide is superior to 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine for scintigraphic detection of head and neck paragangliomas[J]. J Nucl Med, 2008, 49(8): 1232-1237.
[20]Timmers HJ, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, et al. Staging and functional characterization of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose(18F-FDG) positron emission tomography[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2012, 104(9): 700-708.
[21]Blanchet EM, Gabriel S, Martucci V, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT as a predictor of hereditary head and neck paragangliomas[J]. Eur J Clin Invest, 2014, 44(3): 325-332.
[22]Heimburger C, Veillon F, Taeb D, et al. Head-to-head comparison between 18F-FDOPA PET/CT and MR/CT angiography in clinically recurrent head and neck paragangliomas[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2017, 44(6): 979-987.
[23]Marzola MC, Chondrogiannis S, Grassetto G, et al. 18F-DOPA PET/CT in the evaluation of hereditary SDH-deficiency paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndromes[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2014, 39(1): 53-58.
[24]Archier A, Varoquaux A, Garrigue P, et al. Prospective comparison of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDOPA PET/CT in patients with various pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas with emphasis on sporadic cases[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2016, 43(7): 1248-1257.
[25]Michaowska I, Cwika JB, Pczkowska M, et al. Usefulness of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy(99mTc-[HYNIC, Tyr3]-Octreotide) and 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy in Patients with SDHx Gene-Related Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas Detected by Computed Tomography[J]. Neuroendocrinology, 2015, 101(4): 321-330.
[26]Martucci VL, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment[J]. Curr Probl Cancer, 2014, 38(1): 7-41.
[27]Kroiss A, Shulkin BL, Uprimny C, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT provides accurate tumour extent in patients with extraadrenal paraganglioma compared to 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2015, 42(1): 33-41.
[28]Sharma P, Thakar A, Suman KCS, et al. 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT for baseline evaluation of patients with head and neck paraganglioma[J]. J Nucl Med, 2013, 54(6): 841-847.
[29]Kroiss A, Putzer D, Frech A, et al. A retrospective comparison between 68Ga-DOTA-TOC PET/CT and 18F-DOPA PET/CT in patients with extra-adrenal paraganglioma[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2013, 40(12): 1800-1808.
[30]Sethi RV, Sethi RK, Herr MW, et al. Malignant head and neck paragangliomas: treatment efficacy and prognostic indicators[J]. Am J Otolaryngol, 2013, 34(5): 431-438.
[31]Ibrahim R, Ammori MB, Yianni J, et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: a single-center series of 75 cases[J]. J Neurosurg, 2017, 126(5): 1488-1497.
[32]Wakefield DV, Venable GT, Vanderwalde NA, et al. Comparative Neurologic Outcomes of Salvage and Definitive Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Glomus Jugulare: A 20-Year Experience[J]. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base, 2017, 78(3): 251-255.
